Utopian socialist

Now these influences increased as the influence in Germany of the theories and works of the Dutch Marxist architect [H. P.] Berlage and of the Belgian anarchist sympathizer [Henry] [v]an de Velde, among others, became greater than ever before. But now in Germany such theories were likely to be given a somewhat utopian socialist cast—which is one reason why the ideas of the architect, Tony Garnier, also became influential, as did those of another belated Fourierist, Le Corbusier.

Moreover, the most oft-cited source of Chernyshevskii’s supposed utopian socialism, Charles Fourier, was not regarded highly by Chernyshevskii at any time. Yet, there are elements of What Is to Be Done? that must be classified as utopian socialist.

Utopian socialist communities are examined in the next chapter, many of which were influenced by the ideas of communal living seen at New Harmony.

[H]e [Jean-Jacques Rousseau] rejected the belief, held by his contemporary [Claude Adrien] Helvétius and later by such social radicals as the utopian socialists [Charles] Fourier, [Robert] Owen, and [Étienne] Cabet, that the individual is simply what his education—including his art education—makes him.

Chernyshevskii is generally viewed as a consistent utopian socialist from his student days until the creation of What Is to Be Done?

Inspired by [Henry] George and [Edward] Bellamy, Gilded Age utopian socialists urged Americans to build model cooperative communities dedicated to collective ownership of industry.